08/21/08 English Classroom

Democracy and Dirty Money in Taiwan

You have to love what’s happening in Taiwan. Yeah, I know the story is in Beijing with the Olympics and all that, but the former President of Taiwan, Chen Shui-bian, has just been banned from leaving the island and the Swiss are investigating a bank account that contains $20 million.

Chen, the first opposition candidate to become president of Taiwan, came into office promising to clean up what is known on that island as the culture of “hei qian” or dirty money. Hmmm.

On Sunday, prosecutors barred him from leaving the island pending an investigation into allegations of money laundering. On Saturday, prosecutors searched Chen Shui-bian’s residence in Taipei and took away boxes of documents.

Last week, Chen admitted that he broke the law by not fully disclosing campaign donations he had received, the AP reported. He later said his wife, Wu Shu-chen, had wired $20 million to Switzerland. Oh…the old, blame the wife defense.

Now this is the same guy who vowed time and again to protect Taiwan and never betray the island. This is the same guy who based his presidency on enraging China just enough to ensure his re-election. As president he also accused Taiwan’s other party, the Kuomintang, of plotting to abandon Taiwan’s interests and sell-out to Communist China. Chen has also resigned as leader of the Democratic Progressive Party.

The Taiwan story is remarkable, however, not just because it involves the fall of failed president but because it is happening at all. It underscores the fact that Taiwan’s democracy, while still plagued by corruption, is trying to keep it house clean. As such it’s good news for Taiwan and, who knows, perhaps good news for the many Chinese on mainland China who look to Taiwan and its political system with some hope and maybe a little admiration. Could this happen in China, too?

ANDREW:

The fact that a former head of state in Taiwan is going on trial in Taiwan and the trial is recieving full and unrestricted media coverage is a strong testament to the robustness of Taiwanese democracy and heralds Taiwan’s position of having the freest media in Asia. This is indicative of saliant differences between the political culture of Taiwan and the P.R.C. Namely that Taiwan has an autonomous legal system whereby no one is above the law while the P.R.C. lacks anything remotely resembling an autonomous legal system that is not a glorified extension of the P.R.C’s one party state. The brazen media coverage that this trial is recieving stands in stark contrast to the draconian state controlled media in the P.R.C whereby the media is strictly forbidden from saying anything remotely critical of the C.C.P.

Finally the phrase that Chen campaigned on a policy of enraging China to secure re-election is equally humerous as China gained maximum political exploitation from acting in an enraged manner as Chen did in enraging China. Remember that the C.C.P. validates is governing mandate by playing upon ultra-nationalism as shown by the way it pumps out dogmatic banal trite nationalistic slogans based on pseudo history. For example if the C.C.P wanted to act in a mature manner they would stop with trite cliches that bear no resemblance to reality. For example “Taiwan has been an inalieable part of China since ancient times” and that “splittist activity in Taiwan is restricted to an evil minority that contradicts the desire of the overwhelming majority of Taiwan compatriots who seek to be reunited with the Chinese motherland”

AUGUST 19, 2008 12:36 AM | 

LIVING IN TAIWAN:

I relocated here a year ago from India and am surprised at the level of political discourse, the transparency in investigating government failures and the scathing commentary that op-ed pieces carry of the govt. If the mainland wants to look at what to aspire to, look no further. Taiwan can teach a lesson in democracy and its better side to many, including my unfortunate country (but that’s another, VERY long story)…

PS - good you covered the island, its actually an amazing place.

AUGUST 19, 2008 12:26 AM | 

TZU KUNG:

Several periods in mainland China’s history have developed in which corruption became an end unto itself. The late Manchu dynasty through 1900 is a good example. But it is a ‘culture’ of corruption that differentiates a democracy from a totalitarian system. In a democracy like Taiwan, there are many instances of corruption without it being a ‘culture’ where positions in the government are purchased for the express purpose of acquiring clan or family wealth by bestowing purchasable ‘favors’ to others. In a Taiwanese, Philippine, Korean or Japanese democracy, the mere existence of a public denunciation press might be enough to prevent the corruption culture, even if much exists. The PRC, Vietnamese and Myanmar governments have the corrupt culture disease and it is strong enough to be harmful to so many ‘paying clients’.

Without a free mass communication method, the ‘culture’ would be extremely difficult to remove. Believing that a position of power and influence is a possession of one’s clan is as old as the Chin Dynasty and the Pharaohs of Egypt . The American Constitution checks and balances goes a ways to moving away from the diseased cultures of the past, but perhaps still not enough.

AUGUST 19, 2008 12:08 AM | by ?

 

米勒畫展

1.展覽名稱:驚豔米勒 田園之美畫展。

   我覺得米勒應該並不想給人什麼「驚艷」的感覺，更沒有要告訴我們田園有多美?

2. 我不會欣賞什麼繪畫，所以解說者說的什麼以當時的畫風米勒的表現大膽與突破種種，我不是很有興趣，也沒什麼啟發，更不能有所評論。後人給他的歸類與派別，總覺得並不能讓我更了解米勒，甚至反而影響了我認識真正的米勒。當然基本的介紹是需要的，但他們好像講的太多了一點，該給我們更多的時間與空間用心去感受、去看。 

3. 我第一次近距離看米勒的畫，我不知道他的畫多有價值，但我感受到他內心對繪畫的認真與渴望。一開始為了糊口與趕流行，他畫了一些裸女，被人批評為只會畫裸女的畫家，最後，他用每天種田與每天畫畫來證明他不是個只會畫裸女、譁眾取寵的畫匠。

4. 米勒給了我追求夢想的勇氣。他畫畫不以追求自己的名利為目的，就是認真的畫畫。最後的他不為了成名、賺錢畫畫。

5.  米勒認真踏實的一面，提供我們追求理想的方法。他白天務農，晚上畫畫。

6. 我最喜歡牧羊女與羊群 / 大牧羊女圖。

畫展網站: http://www.udnmillet.com.tw/index.html

米勒wiki: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet

Whole World Around by Daniel Powter

這首歌好聽，廣告也動人:

Whole World Around

That’s a good I can’t complain so far,
cause I’m closed to spent to carry on.
Engate in home in keeps world speed,
detect it that would hide my guilty shame.
You’ve got the whole world around,
You’ve got the whole world around,
Something down the move will make you see.
Oh world would look the heart you let it go…
whole world around, you’ve got whole world around.*

Someone corrected is:

life’s been good i cant complain so far
designer clothes expensive caviar
in gated arms to keep the world at bay
tinted glass to hide my guilt and shame

you’ve got the (whole) world around,
you’ve got the (whole) world around,
something tells me (????) make a (scene????)
oh open up your heart let me i-*cut*-you’ve got the world around
you’ve got the whole world around
you’ve got the whole world around
you’ve got the whole world around

The woman in the men’s by Garrison Keillor

stall, skulk, sneak, linger, chute, cellar, step out of line, unhitch, pantyhose, hang out, transvestite, disgruntle, seething, muttering, glaring, sweeping, stroll, interloper, patron, lo and behold, Mutiny on the Bounty, breech, jerk, item(花邊)…

Mentioned a good movie: 慾望街車(A Streetcar Named Desire) .

My husband is not Shah Rukh Khan by Ranjani Iyer Mohanty

    This article spent two times to understand by Prof. Lee.(2008/3/6 and 3/13) I learned something about Indian movies. And have some google search: Calgary, Rubenesque, Scandinavian, Istanbul.

    Quoted from Prof. Lee :”You live with what you’re born with. And try to make the best of it.”

    Vocabulary: wintry, spool(錄影帶), be spliced(剪接), nuance(細微), heart-wrenching, leading man, expat, dub, Grand Bazaar, desperate, cater, lacale, variety shows(綜藝節目), a bevy of(一批), venerable, icon, plaster, tuneful, remninscent, heaving, thrust, coyly, culminating, blustery, serve it up, samosas, mint chutney, in pursuit of. 

Group Meeting(March 6, 08)

•  L. Szabadoz will come to NCU. 
• F. Hehl — P.R.A 77, 022106.
• 2-D Gravity. (This talk will be held next week.)
• Negative Energy (by Jim Nester):

1. Take a  finite region, how to measure the mass of a galaxy?
2. Brill & Deser
3. Homogeneous Cosmology — Equation can be homogeneous but the solution can’t be.

References about String Theory

有Professor Lee在裡面耶。:) 

• Davies, P. C. W. and Brown, J. R. (Eds.). Superstrings: A Theory of Everything? Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
• Freund, P. G. O. and Mahanthappa, K. T. (Eds.). Superstrings. New York: Plenum Press,
• Green, M. B.; Schwarz, J. H.; and Witten, E. Superstring Theory, Vol. 1: Introduction. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Green, M. B.; Schwarz, J. H.; and Witten, E. Superstring Theory, Vol. 2. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Greene, B. R. The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory. New York: W. W. Norton.
• Hatfield, B. Quantum Field Theory of Point Particles and Strings. 1992.
• Kaku, M. Introduction to Superstrings. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1988.
• Lee, H. C. (Ed.). An Introduction to Kaluza-Klein Theories: Workshop on Kaluza-Klein Theories, Chalk River/Deep River, Ontario, 11-16 August 1983. Singapore: World Scientific, 1984.
• Procesi., String Theory.
• Ross, G. G. Grand Unified Theories. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1985.
• Schwartz, J. H. (Ed.). Superstrings: The First 15 Years of Superstring Theory, 2 vols. Singapore: World Scientific, 1985.
• Siegel, W. Introduction to String Field Theory. Singapore: World Scientific, 1988.
• Taubes, G. “A Theory of Everything Takes Shape.” Science 269, 1511-1513, 1995.
• Weisstein, E. W. “Books about String Theory.” http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/StringTheory.html.
• Yau, S.-T. (Ed.). Mathematical Aspects of String Theory. Singapore: World Scientific, 1987.

From: Eric Weisstein’s World Physics

References about Quantum Field Theory

我只讀過Feynman、Greiner、 Mandl、 Peskin、Ryder、Shankar的部分，但還沒到對我自己而言能分辨它們哪裡好、有多好、誰的好、誰的好好的地步。讀得太少吧。

• Aitchison, I. J. R. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. New York: Barnes and Noble, 1972.
• Akhiezer, A. I. and Berestetskii, V. B. Quantum Electrodynamics. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1965.
• Araki, H. Mathematical Theory of Quantum Fields. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Auyang, Y. How is Quantum Field Theory Possible? New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
• Berestetskii, V. B.; Lifschitz, E. M.; and Ditaevskii, L. P. Quantum Electrodynamics, 2nd ed.
• Bjorken, J. D. and Drell, S. D. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964.
• Bjorken, J. D. and Drell, S. D. Relativistic Quantum Fields. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965.
• Bogoliubov, N. N. and Shirkov, D. V. Introduction to the Theory of Quantized Fields, 3rd ed. New York: Wiley, 1980.
• Brown, L. S. Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
• Cohen-Tannoudji, C.; Dupont-Roc, J.; and Grynberg, G. Atom-Photon Interactions: Basic Processes and Applications. New York: Wiley, 1998.
• Cohen-Tannoudji, C.; Dupont-Roc, J.; and Grynberg, G. Photons and Atoms: Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics. New York: Wiley, 1989.
• Craig, D. P. and Thirunamachandran, T. Molecular Quantum Electrodynamics. New York: Dover, 1998.
• Davies, P. C. W. and Betts, D. S. Quantum Mechanics: Physics and Its Applications. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1994.
• Fetter, A. L. and Walecka, John Dirk. Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems.
• Feynman, R. P. The Development of the Space-Time View of Quantum Electrodynamics (Nobel lecture). Stockholm: Nobel Foundation, 1966.
• Feynman, R. P. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
• Feynman, R. P. Quantum Electrodynamics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1998.
• Gross, F. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Field Theory. New York: Wiley, 1993.
• Greiner, W. and Schäfer, A. Quantum Chromodynamics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
• Greiner, W. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics: Wave Equations. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
• Greiner, W. and Reinhardt, J. Quantum Electrodynamics, 2nd corr. ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
• Greiner, W. and Reinhardt, J. Field Quantization. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996.
• Greiner, W. and Schaufer, A., Quantum Chromodynamics.
• Henley, E. M. and Thirring, W. E. Elementary Quantum Field Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
• Huang, K. Quantum Field Theory: From Operators to Path Integrals. New York: Wiley, 1998.
• Itzykson, C. and Zuber, J. B. Quantum Field Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.
• Jancewicz, B. and Lukierski, J. (Eds.). Quantum Theory of Particles and Fields. 1983.
• Kaku, M. Quantum Field Theory: A Modern Introduction. Oxford, 1993.
• Kinoshita, T. (Ed.). Quantum Electrodynamics. Singapore: World Scientific, 1990.
• Mandl, F. Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1959.
• Mandl, F. and Shaw, G. Quantum Field Theory. Chichester: Wiley, 1984.
• Matsui, M. (Ed.). Sin-itero Tomonaga: Life of a Japanese Physicist. Tokyo: MSU, 1995.
• Mattuck, R. D. A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem, 2nd ed. New York: Dover, 1992.
• Miller, A. I. Early Quantum Electrodynamics: A Source Book. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
• Milonni, P. W. Quantum Vacuum: And Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics. New York: Academic Press, 1994.
• Peskin, M. E. and Schroeder, D. V. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
• Pike, E. R. and Sarkar, S. The Quantum Theory of Radiation.
• Pokorski, S. Gauge Field Theory. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Ramond, P. Field Theory: A Modern Primer. Addison-Wesley, 1989.
• Roman, P. Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. New York: Wiley, 1969.
• Ryder, L. H. Quantum Field Theory, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
• Scadron, M. D. Advanced Quantum Theory and its Applications Through Feynman Diagrams, 2nd. ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
• Scharf, G. Finite Quantum Electrodynamics: The Casual Approach, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.
• Schweber, S. S. QED and the Men who Made It: Dyson, Feynman, Schwinger, and Tomonaga. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
• Schwinger, J. S. (Ed.). Selected Papers on Quantum Electrodynamics. New York: Dover, 1958.
• Shankar, R. Principles of Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed. New York: Plenum, 1994.
• Slavnov, A. A. and Faddeev, L. D. Gauge Fields: Introduction to Quantum Theory. Reading, MA: Benjamin/Cummings, 1980.
• Sterman, G. An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
• Strange, P. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics with Applications in Condensed Matter and Atomic Physics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
• Teller, P. An Interpretive Introduction to Quantum Field Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.
• Thaller, B. The Dirac Equation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
• Thirring, W. E. A Course in Mathematical Physics, Vol. 2: Classical Field Theory, 2nd ed.
• Tsvelik, A. M. Quantum Field Theory in Condensed Matter Physics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• Veltman, M. Digrammatica: The Path to Feynman Rules. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
• Wald, R. M. Quantum Field Theory in Curved Spacetime and Black Hole Thermodynamics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
• Weinberg, S. The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol. 1: Foundations. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• Weinberg, S. The Quantum Theory of Fields, Vol. 2: Modern Applications. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
• Weisstein, E. W. “Books about Quantum Electrodynamics.” http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/QuantumElectrodynamics.html.
• Wentzel, G. Quantum Theory of Fields. New York: Interscience, 1949.
• Williams, L. P. The Origins of Field Theory. New York: Random House, 1966.
• Wu, T.-Y. and Hwang, W.-Y. P. Relativistic Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Fields. Singapore: World Scientific, 1991.

From: Eric Weisstein’s World of Physics

References about General Relativity

列那麼多書對我其實也沒用，重要的是要分辨出它們有什麼不同，以及它們寫出來之後的貢獻。 否則也是白列。

• Adler, R.; Bazin, M.; and Schiffer, M. Introduction to General Relativity, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.
• Anderson, J. L. Principles of Relativity Physics. New York: Academic Press, 1967.
• Bergmann, P. G. Introduction to the Theory of Relativity. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1942.
• Bergmann, P. G. The Riddle of Gravitation, rev. and upd. ed. New York: Scribner, 1968.
• Berry, M. V. Principles of Cosmology and Gravitation, 2nd ed. IOP Publ., 1989.
• Bowler, M. G. Gravitation and Relativity. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1976.
• Brumberg, V. A. Essential Relativistic Celestial Mechanics. IOP Publ., 1991.
• Chandrasekhar, S. (Ed.). Classical General Relativity: A Theme. Philosophical Transactions, Physical Sciences and Engineering, 340, pp. 335-445, 1992.
• Chandrasekhar, S. (Ed.). Classical General Relativity. Oxford, 1993.
• d’Inverno, R. Introducing Einstein’s Relativity. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1992.
• Dirac, P. A.M. General Theory of Relativity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.
• Eddington, A. S. The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, 3rd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1963.
• Eddington, A. S. Space, Time, and Gravitation: An Outline of the General Relativity Theory. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Ehlers, J. (Ed.). Relativity Theory and Astrophysics, Vol. 1: Relativity and Cosmology. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., 1967.
• Eisenstaedt, J. and Kox, A. J. (Eds.). Studies in the History of General Relativity. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1992.
• Ellis, G. (Ed.). The Renaissance of General Relativity. ISBN: 0521433770.
• Feynman, R. P. et al. Feynman Lectures on Gravitation. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1995.
• Foster, J. and Nightingale, J. D. A Short Course in Relativity, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag, 1995.
• Gamow, G. Gravity: Classic and Modern Views. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1962.
• Harrison, B. K.; Thorne, K. S.; and et al., Gravitation Theory and Gravitational Collapse. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1965.
• Hakim, R. An Introduction to Relativistic Gravitation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
• Hawking, S. W. and Israel, W. (Eds.). General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
• Hawking, S. W. and Israel, W. (Eds.). Three Hundred Years of Gravitation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
• Hehl, F. W.l P., R. A. and Ruder, H. (Eds.). Relativity and Scientific Computing: Computer Algebra, Numerics, Visualization. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996.
• Held, A. (Ed.). General Relativity and Gravitation: One Hundred Years After the Birth of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.
• Held, A. (Ed.). General Relativity and Gravitation: One Hundred Years After the Birth of Albert Einstein, Vol. 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.
• Hoffman, B. Relativity and Its Roots. New York: Dover, 1999.
• Islam, J. N. Rotating Fields in General Relativity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
• Janis, A. I. and Porter, J. R. (Eds.). Recent Advances in General Relativity. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1992.
• Joshi, P. Global Aspects in Gravitation and Cosmology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1997.
• Kaufmann, W. J. III. Relativity and Cosmology, 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1977.
• Kenyon, I. R. General Relativity. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1990.
• Kilmister, C. W. General Theory of Relativity. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press, 1973.
• Kovalevsky, J. and Brumberg, V. A. (Eds.). Relativity in Celestial Mechanics and Astrometry: High Precision Dynamical Theories and Observational Verifications: Proceedings of the 114th symposium of the International Astronomical Union, held in Leningrad, USSR, May 28-31, 1985. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel, 1986.
• Kramer, D. Exact Solutions of Einstein’s Field Equations.
• Lawden, D. F. An Introduction to Tensor Calculus, Relativity, and Cosmology, 3rd ed. Chichester, England: Wiley, 1982.
• Lightman, A. P.; Price, R. H.; and Teukolsky, S. Problem Book in Relativity and Gravitation, 2nd pr. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979.
• Lorentz, H. A.; Einstein, A.; Minkowski, H.; and Weyl, H. The Principle of Relativity: A Collection of Original Memoirs on the Special and General Theory of Relativity. With notes by A. Sommerfeld, translated by W. Perrett and G.B. Jeffery.
• Low, F. E. Classical Field Theory: Electromagnetism and Gravitation. New York: Wiley, 1997.
• MacCallum, M. A. H. et al. Algebraic Computing in General Relativity: Lecture Notes from the First Brazilian School on Computer Algebra, Vol. 2. Oxford University Press, 1995.
• Martin, J. L. General Relativity: A First Course for Physicists. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996.
• Misner, C. W.; Thorne, K. S.; and Wheeler, J. A. Gravitation. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman, 1973.
• Møller, C. The Theory of Relativity, 2nd ed. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1974.
• Ohanian, H. C. and Ruffini, R. Gravitation and Spacetime, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.
• Penrose, R. and Hawking, S. The Nature of Space and Time. 1996.
• Penrose, R. and Rindler, W. Spinors and Space-Time, Vol. 1: Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
• Penrose, R. and Rindler, W. Spinors and Space-Time, Vol. 2. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
• Raychaudhuri, A. K.; Banerji, S.; and Banerjee, A. General Relativity, Relativistic Astrophysics, and Cosmology. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992.
• Rindler, W. Essential Relativity: Special, General, and Cosmological, rev. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1979.
• Rindler, W. and Trautman, A. Gravitation and Geometry: A Volume in Honor of Ivor Robinson. Bibliopolis, 1987.
• Robertson, H. P. and Noonan, T. W. Relativity and Cosmology. Saunders, 1968.
• Schmutzer, E. Relativistische Physik (Klassische Theorie). Leipzig, Germany: Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1968.
• Schrödinger, E. Space-Time Structure. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
• Skinner, R. Relativity for Scientists and Engineers. Waltham, MA: Blaisdell, 1969.
• Smarr, L. L. (Ed.). Sources of Gravitational Radiation: Proceedings of the Battelle Seattle Workshop, July 24-August 4, 1978. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
• Soffel, M. H. Relativity in Astrometry, Celestial Mechanics, and Geodesy. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
• Stewart, J. M. Advanced General Relativity. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
• Straumann, N. General Relativity and Relativistic Astrophysics. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984.
• Thorne, K. Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein’s Outrageous Legacy. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994.
• Tolman, R. C. Relativity, Thermodynamics, and Cosmology. New York: Dover, 1987.
• Torretti, R. Relativity and Geometry. New York: Dover.
• University of Illinois. “General Relativity.” http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html.
• Wald, R. M. General Relativity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
• Wald, R. M. Space, Time, and Gravity: The Theory of the Big Bang and Black Holes, 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
• Weinberg, S. Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. New York: Wiley, 1972.
• Weisstein, E. W. “Books about General Relativity.” http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/GeneralRelativity.html.
• Weyl, H. Space-Time-Matter. New York: Dover, 1952.
• Wheeler, J. A. A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime. New York: Scientific American Library, 1990.
• Will, C. M. Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics, rev. ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
• Will, C. M. Was Einstein Right?: Putting General Relativity to the Test. New York: Basic Books, 1986.
• Witten, L. Gravitation: An Introduction to Current Research. New York: Wiley, 1962.

 From:Eric Weisstein’s World of Physics.

Energy for Cosmology by Jim Nester

1. Bianchi Cosmology: homogeneous (but not isotropic)

2. We need the model investigated to be isotropic.

3. Find some special cases for isotropic in Bianchi Cosmology.

4. If we classified the 9 types of Bianchi Cosmology, there are 2 classes:

    Class A: Type I, II, VIII, IX.

    Class B: Type III to VII_{h}

5. Few cases can be isoptropic:

    Bianchi I –> FLRW (k=0)

    Bianchi V(VII_{h}) –> FLRW (k=-1)

    Bianchi IX –> FLRW (k=1)

…